Experiences With Work-Family Conflict, Breastfeeding, and Perinatal Mental Health Among Women Returning to Work After Giving Birth: A Mixed Methods Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine working mothers' experiences with returning to work after giving birth, work-family conflict, breastfeeding, and mental health. METHODS: A sequential, mixed methods design was used to administer an online survey to capture job characteristics and perceptions of work-family conflict among first-time mothers in Georgia who gave birth within the previous year ( N = 26). Then, interviews were conducted to understand their experiences with returning to work, work-family conflict, breastfeeding, and mental health. RESULTS: Many participants worked in educational settings and returned to full-time work after giving birth. Qualitative themes from 12 interviews captured the context of participants' work environments, types of work-family conflict, and factors that alleviated work-family conflict. CONCLUSIONS: Employers need to incorporate support for work-family conflict and perinatal mental health into workplace breastfeeding programs and maternity leave policies.

The influence of perceptions of gender discrimination in the workplace on depressive symptoms among Korean working women: The moderating role of job satisfaction.

RATIONALE: While previous research has primarily examined the mental health implications of experiencing racial or gender discrimination in the workplace within a Western context, there remains a gap in understanding the impact of perceptions of workplace gender discrimination (WGD) on mental health in Asian countries. Additionally, the potential moderating role of job satisfaction in this relationship is yet to be thoroughly explored. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between perceptions of WGD and depressive symptoms, independent of an individual's personal experiences of workplace discrimination. This study also examined whether this association is moderated by job satisfaction, distinguishing between intrinsic satisfaction (related to recognition of performance and achievement) and extrinsic satisfaction (related to wages, workplace relationships, and welfare). METHODS: The data utilized for this study were collected from 2170 employed women over four waves (eight years) of the Korea Women Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families, between 2012 and 2020. Fixed effects (FE) models were utilized to account for unobserved individual heterogeneity. RESULTS: FE estimates indicated that perceptions of WGD is significantly associated with an increase in depressive symptoms (b = 0.577, p < 0.001), even after controlling for personal experiences of workplace discrimination. Interaction analyses further revealed that this association is moderated by extrinsic job satisfaction (b = -0.318, p < 0.05), but not intrinsic job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The perceptions of WGD may be a potential pathway by which gender inequalities at the workplace harms women's mental health. Interventions to reduce gender discrimination and enhance extrinsic job satisfaction may contribute to improving the mental health of working women.

Mães em quarentena: maternidade em tempos de isolamento social decorrente da Covid-19 / Madres en cuarentena: la maternidad en tiempos de aislamiento social y Covid-19 / Mothers in quarantine: motherhood in times of social isolation due to Covid-19 pandemic

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar o impacto do isolamento social decorrente da pandemia de Covid-19 sobre a vida familiar, com ênfase na vivência da maternidade e na relação com os filhos. Participaram 20 mães de camadas sociais médias, de 29 a 45 anos, que mantinham atividades laborais a distância e estavam em isolamento social. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais em profundidade por meio digital. O material coletado foi transcrito e submetido à análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados mostraram que as mudanças impostas pela pandemia impactaram diretamente a vida familiar, explicitando as desigualdades de gênero na organização da rotina, distribuição de tarefas domésticas e cuidados parentais. Observou-se uma relação ambivalente das mães com a maternidade e com seus imperativos sociais, que reverberam no vínculo que estabelecem com seus filhos. A análise revela que a sobrecarga emocional e física contribui para exacerbar sentimentos de culpa e solidão vivenciados na relação com a maternidade, além de evidenciar conflitos no desempenho dos papéis de mãe, esposa e profissional. As entrevistadas demonstraram exaustão com as demandas domésticas e de cuidados com os filhos, além de conflitos relacionados ao descompasso entre expectativas e padrões sociais que regulam o exercício da maternidade e suas experiências pessoais como mães. As conclusões sugerem a presença de uma crise identitária relacionada aos ideais sociais vinculados às vivências da maternidade, o que convida a pensar na urgência de se olhar para o sofrimento materno, buscando compreender as dimensões subjetivas das transformações que perpassam essa experiência na vigência do isolamento social.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos del aislamiento social resultante de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la vida familiar, con énfasis en la experiencia de la maternidad y la relación con los niños. Participaron 20 madres de estratos sociales medios, de 29 a 45 años de edad, que mantenían actividades laborales a distancia y se encontraban en aislamiento social. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales exhaustivas por medios digitales. El material recopilado se transcribió y se sometió a un análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados mostraron que los cambios impuestos por la pandemia afectaban directamente a la vida familiar, lo que explicaba las desigualdades de género en la organización rutinaria, la distribución de las tareas domésticas y el cuidado de los niños. Se observó una relación ambivalente entre las madres y la maternidad y sus imperativos sociales, que reverberaban en el vínculo que establecen con sus hijos. El análisis revela que la sobrecarga emocional y física contribuye a exacerbar los sentimientos de culpa y soledad experimentados en la relación con la maternidad, además de mostrar conflictos en el desempeño de los papeles de madre, esposa y profesional. Las mujeres entrevistadas mostraron agotamiento con las demandas domésticas y el cuidado de sus hijos, además de conflictos relacionados con el desajuste entre las expectativas y las normas sociales que regulan el ejercicio de la maternidad y sus experiencias personales como madres. Las conclusiones sugieren la presencia de una crisis de identidad ligada a los ideales sociales vinculados a las experiencias de la maternidad, lo que invita a pensar en la urgencia de mirar el sufrimiento materno, tratando de comprender las dimensiones subjetivas de las transformaciones en tiempos de aislamiento social.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the impacts of the social isolation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic on family life, with emphasis on the experience of motherhood and the relationship with children. Twenty mothers from the middle social strata, from 29 to 45 years old, who kept working activities at a distance and were in social isolation, participated. In-depth individual interviews were conducted by digital means. The collected material was transcribed and submitted to thematic content analysis. The results showed that the changes imposed by the pandemic directly impacted family life, highlighting gender inequalities in routine organization, distribution of household tasks and parental care. An ambivalent relationship was observed between mothers and maternity and their social imperatives, which reverberated in the bond they establish with their children. The analysis reveals that emotional and physical burden contributes to exacerbate feelings of guilt and loneliness experienced in the relationship with motherhood, in addition to showing conflicts in the performance of the roles of mother, wife and professional. The women interviewed showed exhaustion with domestic and child care demands, in addition to conflicts related to the mismatch between expectations and social standards that regulate the exercise of motherhood and their personal experiences as mothers. The conclusions suggest the presence of an identity crisis due to the social ideals linked to the experiences of motherhood, which invites us to think about the urgency of looking at maternal suffering, seeking to understand the subjective dimensions of the transformations that this experience goes through in the times of social isolation.

Relações de trabalho e maternidade no contexto esportivo: um estudo de caso / Labor and maternity relationships in the sports context: a case study / Relaciones de trabajo y maternidad en el contexto deportivo: un estudio de caso

A Psicologia Social do Trabalho tem contribuído para a visibilidade e ampliação da compreensão do trabalho em seus diferentes formatos e contextos de atividade, alertando para a necessidade de se olhar para os trabalhos não regulamentados, como é o caso da atleta profissional. Nesse contexto, ainda mais fragilizada é a relação de trabalho da mulher atleta, principalmente, quando ela decide ser mãe e a precariedade no trabalho se acentua. Este artigo examina a trajetória de uma atleta de rendimento da seleção brasileira de vôlei, Tandara Caixeta, por meio do que tem sido veiculado nas mídias eletrônicas, especialmente os sites esportivos, sobre sua relação trabalhista com um clube. Foram analisadas 31 reportagens em sites que relacionavam com a gravidez e sua busca na justiça por seus direitos trabalhistas. A partir dos materiais coletados foi possível compreender que a problemática em questão versou sobre dois principais pontos: a relação contratual e a desproteção das atletas por ocasião da maternidade. Conclui-se que o apoio social, familiar e da equipe é fundamental para um retorno saudável da atleta ao seu rendimento, mas o apoio financeiro é fundamental para a manutenção do bem-estar e satisfação laboral. (AU)

Social Work Psychology has contributed to enhancing the visibility and understanding of work across its various formats and activity contexts, emphasizing the importance of considering unregulated forms of labor, as seen in the case of professional female athletes. Within this context, the working relationship of female athletes becomes even more fragile, particularly when they decide to become mothers, amplifying the challenges within their working arrangements. This article examines the journey of a high-performance athlete from the Brazilian volleyball team, Tandara Caixeta, based on her electronic media coverage, particularly on sports websites, regarding her employment relationship with a club. Thirty-one reports related to pregnancy and her pursuit of labor rights through legal action were analyzed. The collected materials enabled us to discern two primary issues: the contractual relationship and the lack of protection for athletes during maternity. The study concludes that social, family, and team support are crucial for a healthy return of the athlete to her performance, but financial support is essential for maintaining overall well-being and job satisfaction. (AU)

La Psicología del Trabajo Social ha contribuido para la visibilidad y amplia-ción de la comprensión del trabajo en sus diferentes formatos y contextos de actividad, alertando sobre la necesidad de mirar el trabajo no regulado, como es el caso del deportista profesional. En este contexto, la relación laboral de la deportista es aún más frágil, especialmente cuando decide ser madre y se acentúa la precariedad del trabajo. Este artículo propone seguir la trayectoria de una deportista de élite de la selección brasileña de voleibol, Tandara Caixeta, a través de lo publicado en medios electrónicos, especialmente sitios web depor-tivos, sobre su relación laboral con su club. Se analizaron 31 denúncias en sitios web relacionados con el embarazo, que reclamaron sus derechos laborales en los tribunales. A partir de los materiales recolectados se pudo entender que el tema en cuestión trataba sobre dos puntos principales: la relación contractual y la desprotección de los deportistas durante la maternidad. Se concluye que el apoyo social, familiar y de equipo es fundamental para un retorno saludable de la deportista a su desempeño, pero el apoyo económico es fundamental para mantener el bienestar y la satisfacción laboral. (AU)

¡Mujeres al borde! Acoso laboral y violencia doméstica se juntan en la pandemia / Women on the edge, workplace harassment and domestic violence come together in the pandemic

Se explora el panorama general de la percepción y experiencias de mujeres venezolanas, en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de una investigación situada, por medio de una encuesta aplicada vía online entre septiembre y diciembre de 2020, dando lugar a 523 encuestas respondidas, provenientes de todas las regiones del país. Se emplearon 70 preguntas de tipo cerrada y abierta. Se recurrió a una metodología de levantamiento de información y análisis cuanticualitativo, con enfoque interpretativo, desde la epidemiologia crítica y la epistemología feminista. Como consecuencia de la pandemia y las medidas de prevención y contención, a partir de 2020, se relocalizan algunas actividades de producción y reproducción social. El distanciamiento y confinamiento de las personas en sus hogares, generó gran impacto. El peso del afrontamiento a la pandemia tiene un costo más alto para las mujeres, siendo estas la mayoría entre los trabajadores de la salud y quienes experimentan situaciones extremas, con alto impacto en su propia salud. De la investigación en línea, se extrae que las mujeres tenían una alta tasa de actividad económicoproductiva, con importante participación directa como suministradoras de cuidados en salud y con gran concentración de responsabilidades domésticas y de cuidados familiares, invadiéndolas sentimientos de agotamiento, incertidumbre y esperanzas por el avenir. Ante ello, está en juego el logro de justicia de género en los procesos de reproducción social, atendiendo las áreas de trabajo, cuidados y seguridad social, en favor de la dignidad y el bienestar de las personas, en particular de las mujeres(AU)

The general panorama of the perception and experiences of Venezuelan women, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, is explored from research situated, through a survey applied online between September and December 2020, resulting in 523 surveys answered, from all regions of the country. 70 closed-ended and open-ended questions were used. A methodology of information gathering and quantitative analysis was used, with an interpretative approach, from critical epidemiology and feminist epistemology. As a result of the pandemic and prevention and containment measures, as of 2020, some production and social reproduction activities are relocated. The distancing and confinement of people in their homes generated great impact. The burden of coping with the pandemic has a higher cost for women, who are the majority among health workers and those who experience extreme situations, with a high impact on their own health. the online research, it is extracted that women had a high rate of economic-productive activity, with important direct participation as providers of health care and with a high concentration of domestic and family care responsibilities, invading feelings of exhaustion, uncertainty and hopes for the future. Given this, the achievement of gender justice in the processes of social reproduction is at stake, attending to the areas of work, care and social security, in favor of the dignity and well-being of people, particularly women(AU)

Ser professor/a hoje: uma cartografia da docência no ensino fundamental / Ser maestro/a hoy: una cartografía de la enseñanza en la escuela primaria / To be a teacher today: a cartography of teaching in elementary school

RESUMO. A docência é uma profissão envolta em uma diversidade de conceitos e modos de ser-fazer-agir e conhecer a figura do/a professor/a, e suas distintas formas de atuar permitem que se compreenda a amplitude da realidade que cerca esse/a profissional. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as percepções e significados da docência entre professores/as do ensino fundamental de uma escola municipal de Santa Maria/RS. Tendo a cartografia como método, pode-se atentar para os processos que envolvem os sujeitos presentes na pesquisa, possibilitando que problematizações provocassem reflexões. Para tanto, foram realizadas observações e quatro encontros de grupo na escola, nos quais participaram três professoras. Um diário de campo foi utilizado para o registro das narrativas e atividades realizadas. Constatou-se que a profissão docente tem sua construção feita no campo do social, pois tanto a imagem, quanto o que é ser professor/a se constrói ao longo da vida de cada um/a. Também se observou que o exercício da docência ocorre no âmbito do coletivo, pois neste espaço emergem novas perspectivas para a própria atuação profissional, permitindo assim uma forma de escape à lógica adoecedora que envolve a profissão docente. Entende-se que este adoecimento é resultante de processos de subjetivação que se expandem por toda uma rede política, econômica, cultural e social. Diante disto, pode-se apreender que intervenções que envolvem o coletivo podem ser ações potencializadoras de mudanças, tanto no ser como no fazer do/a professor/a em seu cotidiano profissional, corroborando para o seu crescimento pessoal como docente.

RESUMEN. La docencia es una profesión envuelta en una diversidad de conceptos y formas de ser-hacer-actuar y conocer la figura del docente y sus diferentes formas de actuar permite comprender la amplitud de la realidad que rodea a este profesional. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar las percepciones y significados de la docencia entre profesores de primaria de una escuela municipal de Santa Maria / RS. Teniendo la cartografía como método, fue posible prestar atención a los procesos que involucran a los sujetos presentes en la investigación, permitiendo que la problematización provoque reflexiones. Para ello, se realizaron observaciones y cuatro reuniones grupales en la escuela, en las que participaron tres docentes. Se utilizó un diario de campo para registrar las narrativas y actividades realizadas. Se constató que la profesión docente se construye en el ámbito social, ya que tanto la imagen como lo que significa ser docente se construye a lo largo de la vida de cada persona. También se observó que el ejercicio de la docencia se da en el ámbito colectivo, pues en este espacio surgen nuevas perspectivas para el desempeño profesional, posibilitando así una vía para escapar de la lógica enfermiza que envuelve la profesión docente. Se entiende que esta enfermedad es el resultado de procesos de subjetivación que se expanden a lo largo de un entramado político, económico, cultural y social. Ante esto, se pudo aprehender que las intervenciones que involucran al colectivo pueden ser acciones que potencien cambios, tanto en el ser como en el hacer del docente en su rutina profesional, apoyando así su crecimiento personal como docente.

ABSTRACT. Teaching is a profession shrouded in a diversity of concepts and ways of being-doing-acting and knowing the figure of the teacher and their different ways of acting allows one to understand the breadth of the reality that surrounds this professional. This research aimed to investigate the perceptions and meanings of teaching among elementary school teachers in a municipal school in Santa Maria/RS. Having cartography as a method, it was possible to pay attention to the processes that involve the subjects present in the research, allowing problematization to provoke reflections. For this purpose, observations and four group meetings were carried out at the school, in which three teachers participated. A field diary was used to record the narratives and activities performed. It was found that the teaching profession is built in the social field, as both the image and what it means to be a teacher is built throughout the life of each person. It was also observed that the exercise of teaching occurs in the collective sphere, as in this space new perspectives for professional performance emerge, thus enabling a way to escape from the sickening logic that involves the teaching profession. It is understood that this illness is the result of subjectivation processes that expand throughout a political, economic, cultural and social network. In view of this, it was possible to apprehend those interventions that involve the collective can be actions that enhance changes, both in the being and in the doing of the teacher in their professional routine, thus supporting their personal growth as a teacher.

Relações de gênero e trabalho das mulheres na Cadernos de Psicologia Social e do Trabalho: uma revisão bibliográfica (1998-2018) / Gender relations and women's work in the Cadernos de Psicologia Social do Trabalho: an overview of its first two decades (1998-2018)

A relação entre trabalho e gênero tem se apresentado como um frutífero campo de estudos nas ciências sociais e humanas. O crescente interesse por essa relação também está presente na Psicologia. Em especial, no campo da Psicologia Social do Trabalho as análises sobre os processos de trabalho são articuladas com dimensões fundamentais para a compreensão do funcionamento da sociedade, tais como raça, classe e gênero. Neste trabalho, por meio de uma revisão de caráter narrativo, buscamos descrever e analisar como o trabalho das mulheres e as relações de gênero têm sido investigados nos artigos publicados na revista Cadernos de Psicologia Social do Trabalho. Para isso, levantamos os artigos publicados nessa revista de 1998 a 2018, selecionando um corpus total de 72 artigos. Nossa análise foi dividida em duas etapas: na primeira, abarcamos uma análise descritiva do corpus, e na segunda, realizamos uma profunda análise qualitativa. Os resultados da análise descritiva apontaram que houve um aumento no número total de publicações que abordam questões de gênero e uma diminuição no número proporcional em relação ao total de artigos publicados. Com base na análise qualitativa, argumentamos que ainda existem desafios teóricos e metodológicos a serem superados para que a temática se consolide na psicologia social do trabalho

The relationship between work and gender has been presented as a fruitful field of study in social and human sciences. The growing interest in this relationship is also present in Psychology. In particular, in the field of Social Psychology of Work, analyses of work processes are articulated with fundamental dimensions for understanding the functioning of society, such as race, class, and gender. In this work, with a narrative review, we seek to describe and analyze how women's work and gender relations have been investigated in articles published in the journal Cadernos de Psicologia Social do Trabalho. For this, we surveyed the articles published in this journal from 1998 to 2018, selecting a total corpus of 72 articles. Our analysis was divided into two stages: in the first, we covered a descriptive analysis of the corpus and, in the second, we did an in-depth qualitative analysis. The results of the descriptive analysis indicate an increase in the total number of publications that address gender issues, and a decrease in the proportional number regarding the total number of published articles. Based on the in-depth qualitative analysis, we argue that there are still theoretical and methodological challenges to be overcome for the consolidation of this theme in social psychology of work

The impact of work interference with family on depressive symptoms among married working women: A longitudinal panel study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of work interference with family (WIF) on depressive symptoms among married working women. METHODS: Data from 2014‒2018 of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families were used. Only married women living with their husbands and wage workers were included, whereas those diagnosed with depression at the baseline year and those with missing values were excluded. A total of 1,504 individuals were included as the study population. The impact of WIF on depressive symptoms was analyzed using the generalized estimating equation model with a logit link. RESULTS: After adjusting for all the potential confounding variables, it was found that WIF had an effect on depressive symptoms. Women whose work interfered with their family were 1.58 times more likely to experience depressive symptoms than those who did not experience WIF (95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.30‒1.92). WIF due to irregular working hours had the highest odds ratio for depression (Adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.01, 95% CI: 1.32‒3.08). Women with WIF were more likely to develop depressive symptoms when they had two or more children (With 2 children, Adjusted OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.31‒2.18; With 3 or more children, Adjusted OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.07-2.49). CONCLUSIONS: Thus, married working women who experienced WIF were found to be at a higher risk of developing depressive symptoms. Therefore, considering how prevailing stereotypes that roles of men and women are separated can harm women's mental health, policy measures should be implemented to ensure women's quality of life based on the work-family balance.

Expectativas y realización profesional en Cirugía General y subespecialidades quirúrgicas: situación actual de los cirujanos jóvenes en Córdoba / Expectations and professional fulfillment in general surgery and surgical sub-specialties: current situation of young surgeons in Cordoba

RESUMEN Antecedentes: en la Argentina, la especialidad Cirugía General se encuentra en crisis y esta situación alarmante se halla vinculada a las malas condiciones laborales del cirujano general. Objetivo: describir la percepción que el cirujano joven tiene al terminar su programa de formación, en relación con su perspectiva laboral, actividad quirúrgica y académica. Material y métodos: estudio transversal basado en una encuesta dirigida a cirujanos jóvenes en Córdoba, Argentina. Resultados: participaron 53 encuestados. El 58% eran hombres y la mediana de edad fue 32 años. El 72% ejercía Cirugía General y el 55% trabajaba en el sector privado. El 34% pertenecía a la Asociación de Cirugía de Córdoba y el 23% a la Asociación Argentina de Cirugía. En cuanto a la experiencia profesional, el 53,1% eran cirujanos junior y el 64% eran competentes para realizar procedimientos de baja o mediana complejidad. En relación con la perspectiva laboral, el 89% consideró que el cirujano joven no consigue salida laboral rápida y el 96,2% refirió que sus prácticas no eran bien remuneradas. Respecto de la calidad de vida personal y laboral, el 57% manifestó frustración e incertidumbre económica. En cuanto a las cirujanas, la tasa de inequidades de género y hostigamiento sexual en el ámbito laboral fue del 73% y 50%, respectivamente. Conclusión: encontramos la percepción de un bajo nivel de competencia para las cirugías de mayor complejidad y una baja tasa de adherencia a sociedades quirúrgicas. Debido a la escasa oferta laboral existe gran frustración e incertidumbre económica. Actualmente, predomina y persiste el maltrato y hostigamiento hacia las cirujanas.

ABSTRACT Background: In Argentina, the specialty of general surgery is in crisis, and this alarming situation is associated with the poor working conditions of general surgeons. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the perception of young surgeons at the end of their training program, in relation to their job prospects, surgical and academic activity. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on a survey responded by young surgeons in Cordoba, Argentina. Results: The survey was responded by 53 young surgeons; 58% were men and median age was 32 years. Seventy-two percent practiced general surgery and 55% worked in the private setting. Thirtyfour percent were members of Asociación de Cirugía de Córdoba and 23% belonged to Asociación Argentina de Cirugía. As for professional experience, 53.1% were junior surgeons and 64% were capable of performing low or medium complexity procedures. Eighty-nine percent considered that young surgeons do not get a job quickly and 96.2% reported that they were not well paid for their practice. When asked about their personal and professional quality of life, 57% expressed frustration and economic uncertainty. Among women surgeons, 73% reported gender inequities and 50% reported sexual harassment in the workplace. Conclusion: Young surgeons perceived they had low level of competencies for high complexity surgical procedures and reported low rate of membership in surgical societies. Most of them feel frustrated due to scarce job opportunities and expressed economic uncertainty. Nowadays, abuse and harassment of women surgeons still prevails and persists.

Working mothers' breastfeeding experience: a phenomenology qualitative approach.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding practice is influenced by the mother's attitude toward and knowledge of breastfeeding. Working mothers face many challenges and need support to maintain breastfeeding. This study aimed to explore working mothers' breastfeeding experiences and challenges that can influenced their practices. METHODS: The qualitative phenomenological approach involving working mothers in Kota Bharu who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study were recruited using purposive sampling. Sixteen participants aged 24 to 46 years were interviewed using semi-structured in-depth interviews in the study. All interviews were recorded in digital audio, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Three main themes emerged from the data analysis: perception of breastfeeding, challenges in breastfeeding, and support for breastfeeding. Two subthemes for perceptions were perception towards breastfeeding and towards infant formula. Challenges had two subthemes too which were related to perceived insufficient milk and breastfeeding difficulty. Where else, two subthemes for support were internal support (spouse and family) and external support (friends, employer, and healthcare staff). CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining breastfeeding after return to work is challenging for working mothers and majority of them need support to continue breastfeeding practice. Support from their spouses and families' influences working mothers' decision to breastfeed. Employers play a role in providing a support system and facilities in the workplace for mothers to express and store breast milk. Both internal and external support are essential for mothers to overcome challenges in order to achieve success in breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding in the Workplace: Attitudes Toward Multiple Roles, Perceptions of Support, and Workplace Outcomes.

Objective: American women are consistently tasked with breastfeeding, while returning to work, but little research examines how women perceive support in the workplace and their own working outcomes. This study examined the associations among breastfeeding women's perceptions of breastfeeding support in the workplace (i.e., managerial, organizational, co-worker, time, and physical environment), attitudes toward multiple roles, and workplace outcomes (i.e., affective commitment, job satisfaction, and workplace productivity). Materials and Methods: Survey data from 109 mothers who have or are currently breastfeeding/pumping human milk at their workplace were collected and analyzed. Results: Results indicated significant positive relationships among attitudes toward multiple roles and workplace productivity. In addition, perceptions of breastfeeding support were significantly associated with both affective commitment as well as job satisfaction. Finally, our sample of breastfeeding employees returned to work after having a baby primarily for financial reasons, and do not generally feel very supported in the workplace. Conclusions: Overall, organizations can promote more investment and satisfaction in employees by providing explicit communication about breastfeeding-supportive policies to all employees. These findings underscore the importance of organizational breastfeeding support for mothers as well as their coworkers, which ultimately influences the success of the organization as a whole.

Sobrecarga del cuidador y distrofia miotónica de Steinert tipo 1 / Caregiver overload and Steinert myotonic dystrophy type 1

Introducción: La distrofia miotónica tipo 1 es la distrofia muscular más frecuente a nivel mundial. Progresa lentamente llevando al paciente a la pérdida de autonomía lo que implica la necesidad del cuidador, quien con frecuencia, también padece la enfermedad. El síndrome de sobrecarga, desgaste o burnout, término en inglés muy utilizado en la bibliografía médica, se ha descrito en los últimos años para los cuidadores y es el desgaste emocional una de sus particularidades. Objetivo: Evaluar la autonomía para la realización de actividades diarias de los pacientes con distrofia miotónica tipo 1 en referencia al tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y determinar la magnitud de desgaste en los cuidadores. Metodología: Se aplicó la escala de autonomía de Barthel a 29 pacientes y el cuestionario de Maslach a sus cuidadores. Resultados: Se demostró que las mujeres cuidadoras resultaron más afectadas en el intercambio con el enfermo para el cuidado, en la subescala despersonalización del instrumento Maslach (U de Mann-Whitney p = 0,05). Conclusiones: Se sugiere que los cuidadores femeninos son el grupo de mayor riesgo de padecer el síndrome de sobrecarga(AU)

Introduction: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is the most common muscular dystrophy worldwide. It progresses slowly, depriving patients of their autonomy, which implies the need for a caregiver, who would often suffer from the disease as well. The overload or burnout syndrome, an English term very often found in medical bibliography, has been described for caregivers in recent years, and emotional wear is one of its features. Objective: Evaluate the autonomy to perform activities of daily living of patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 with reference to the time of evolution of the disease, and determine the extent of wear in caregivers. Methods: A study of a clinical case series was conducted for two years at the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Havana. Patients were evaluated with the Barthel autonomy scale and caregivers with the Maslach burnout syndrome inventory. Inclusion criteria admitted patients of both sexes clinically and neurophysiologically characterized for this diagnosis. It was also required to obtain the informed consent of patients and caregivers responding to the overload measuring tool. Exclusion criteria left out patients with a dystrophic condition other than Steinert type 1, inconclusive clinical and electromyographic evaluations, or not willing to participate in the study. Results: According to the depersonalization subscale in the Maslach tool (Mann-Whitney U p = 0.05), female caregivers are more often affected by the interaction with the person cared for. Conclusions: Results suggest that female caregivers are under a greater risk of overload syndrome(AU)

Uma análise da psicodinâmica do trabalho de operadora de caixa de supermercado / An analysis of the psychodynamics of a supermarket cash operator work

Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com base na Psicodinâmica do Trabalho e que analisa o trabalho das operadoras de caixa de supermercado, investigando sua organização e a dinâmica prazer-sofrimento psíquico envolvida. Foram entrevistadas individualmente quinze mulheres, de quatro diferentes supermercados da cidade de Belém-PA, usando roteiro semiestruturado. O material foi examinado conforme a técnica de Análise de Núcleos de Sentido (ANS). Verificou-se uma rígida organização do trabalho das operadoras de caixa de supermercado, contendo poucas possibilidades de transformação do sofrimento em vivências de prazer. Há pouco espaço para as operadoras expressarem as dificuldades do trabalho, tais como: insatisfação com as chefias, falta de reconhecimento no trabalho, assédio sexual, constrangimentos praticados pela clientela e precariedade nas condições de trabalho. A submissão, a crença religiosa e o riso aparecem como estratégias coletivas de defesa para suportar as adversidades do cotidiano laboral.

This is a qualitative study based on Psychodynamic of Work which analyzes the work of supermarket cashiers, investigating its organization and the psychic pleasure-suffering dynamic involved. Fifteen women from four different supermarkets in the city of Belém-PA were interviewed individually, using a semi-structured script. The material was examined according to the Meaning Cores Analysis (MCA) technique. There was a rigid organization of the work of supermarket cashiers, with few possibilities to transform suffering into experiences of pleasure. There is little space for operators to express work difficulties, such as, for example: dissatisfaction with managers, lack of recognition at work, sexual harassment, constraints practiced by the customers and precarious working conditions. Submission, religious belief and laughter appear as collective defense strategies to withstand the adversities of daily routine.

Assessment of Burnout Levels Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Survey by the (Italian) Association of Medical Endocrinologists (AME).

BACKGROUND: Some endocrinologists were involved in the management of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. This study aims to analyze burnout levels among the Association of Medical Endocrinologists (AME) members before and during the pandemic. METHODS: We recruited two AME members samples at two different times: before COVID-19 (n = 811) and during the first wave of the ongoing pandemic (n = 579). Both the samples filled the Maslach Burnout Inventory. We performed MANOVAs to evaluate demographic and COVID-19 related differences in burnout levels and Pearson's Chi-square test to compare burnout severity before and during the pandemic. RESULTS: Women reported higher Emotional Exhaustion and reduced Professional Accomplishment than men. The oldest physicians had lower levels of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization and higher Professional Accomplishment than younger workers. Independent contractors displayed lower levels of burnout compared to established contractors. Finally, the pandemic, per se, did not lead to changes in burnout levels. DISCUSSION: Women and young physicians are at higher risk of burnout. It is also possible that front- line professionals are at higher risk during a health care crisis. Moreover, it is likely that the length of exposure to the pandemic has not been sufficient to impact burnout levels. CONCLUSION: Short-term exposure to pandemic-related activities seemed to have a low impact on burnout severity, except for physicians directly involved in managing COVID-19 cases. It is strongly recommended the availability of psychological support in public hospitals.

Predictors of women empowerment knowledge and attitude among Saudi academic and administrative staff: A cross-sectional study.

The KSA 2030 vision makes special reference to women's empowerment as an important strategy for Saudi community transformation. Studies related to women's empowerment, especially in the Saudi context, are still not enough and unclear. The current study explored the predictors of women empowerment knowledge and attitudes among Saudi academic and administrative staff. A cross-sectional study was conducted at 15 Saudi government-owned universities. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select 5587 participants during the period April to September 2020. The study instrument consisting of three main parts; basic demographic data, questionnaire assessed the knowledge regarding women's empowerment, and women empowerment attitude scale. The results showed good knowledge of empowerment among the women with 75.5% of the participants demonstrating good knowledge. The total women empowerment attitude was positive among 65.9% of the participants. The association between demographic data and women empowerment knowledge and attitude showed a significant association with marital status, residence, education, and occupation (p <0.05). Linear regression on marital status, education, residence, and occupation, are confirmed as significant predictors of women empowerment knowledge and attitude (p <0.05). Mother's education level is shown as a predictor for women empowerment attitude (p>0.005). Three-quarters of Saudi academic and administrative staff have a good women empowerment knowledge score, and more than two-thirds have a positive attitude. Demographic characteristics are important predictors for women empowerment knowledge and attitude. The results of this study will help decision-makers to design and implement goal-directed women empowerment programs.

Women empowerment among academic and administrative staff in Saudi universities: A cross-sectional study.

Women in Saudi Arabia constitute nearly 50% of the population, but their participation in economic and social activities are far below the kingdom's potential. According to the 2030 vision, women empowerment is an essential requirement for community transformation and development. The study aims to explore women empowerment among academic and administrative staff in Saudi Universities. A cross-sectional research design was conducted at 15 Saudi governmental universities. A multistage cluster sampling technique was followed to select 5587 participants. The data collection starts from April to September 2020. The current study results illustrate statistically significant differences between academic and administrative staff in the total women empowerment score and all of its dimensions (p <0.05). The majority of academic staff (84.4%) have high personal empowerment compared to 73.7% of the administrative staff. The study concluded that women empowerment is higher among academics compared to administrative staff in Saudi Universities.

Valuation of health losses of women with multiple roles using a well-being valuation approach: Evidence from Japan.

Unpaid housework among married working couples is largely done by women in Japan, causing health losses due to work-to-family conflict. However, monetary values for the poor health condition of working mothers with multiple roles have not been explored. The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of health conditions on life satisfaction (LS) among middle-aged Japanese men and women and attach a monetary value to self-assessed poor health (SAPH). The well-being valuation approach applied monetary values to health losses among middle-aged working persons, using a total of 6,779 married workers drawn from a nationwide 6 wave (2007, 2009, 2011-2014) longitudinal data from the Japanese Life Course Panel Survey of Middle-aged Persons. Female workers having multiple roles as employees and housewives, who spent at least 35 hours per week on market work are defined as women with multiple roles. LS was used as a proxy of individuals' subjective well-being. Considering the endogeneity between SAPH and LS, I used the two-stage residual inclusion approach with generalized residuals. Major findings are (1) health losses of women with multiple roles were 1.47 times of the equivalent household income; larger than those of men with multiple roles, and (2) health losses of women with multiple roles can be reduced by around 9.5% of the equivalent household income if the spouse shares the housework by engaging in frequent cleaning of the house. Taking health losses of women with multiple roles into consideration, middle-aged men should reconsider the allocation of work attributable to the attitudes toward gender roles.